How Diversity Relates to Education free essay sample

In the general education system, it is very important that there is a wide array of diverse groups in the classroom. â€Å"It is important to have a diverse student body, not only to create a realistic setting but also to encourage people to grow outside their boundaries and learn something new about a culture they may not be familiar with. (Pendulum 1) I believe diversity is an important part of the educational system. It is something positive, and not something one should fear. I also believe that diversity I crucial to a growing child. In this essay, I will address how diversity relates to education in general and how it relates to me as a future teacher. Diversity and education in America is an important topic in today’s education system. Inclusion is a key factor in the classroom; it helps bring diversity in to the lives of many children all over the world. We will write a custom essay sample on How Diversity Relates to Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By having diversity in the classroom students can learn about peoples differences that make them special and unique. Through my time in taking this diversity class I have come to realize how important it is to teach children that everyone is different and special in their own way. As the student population in American schools becomes increasingly diverse, educators must respond with school reform efforts that meet the needs of all students. In order to do so, teachers need to be prepared to take on the diverse student population. Going through the school of education and this diversity class, I am able to understand now that teachers must develop a culturally sensitive curriculum that integrates multicultural viewpoints and histories, to apply instructional strategies that encourage all students to achieve, and review school and district policies related to educational equity. From my educational background so far I know that teachers must become adept at choosing printed, electronic, and audiovisual materials, and in selecting topics and assignments that value the wide variety of perspectives and interests that exist among the students in any given classroom. The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect, it means understanding each student in the classroom is unique and recognizing their individual differences. â€Å"Children exposed to diverse cultures in the classroom learn to understand different points of view, which is an important part of education† (Canadian Teachers 1). Children learn to celebrate differences and learn how to work together to be successful. If teachers are accepting of students differences they will be able to look at students for their potential instead of with a bias in mind, and this will help them teach more successfully. As a future teacher, I think it is important to create a tolerant, accepting and caring classroom atmosphere and here are a couple things one can do as a teacher to incorporate diversity in the classroom. By discussing diversity, and why it is a positive thing, creating lesson plans that discuss the cultures of my students and cultures of the community I teach in, by discussing religious beliefs of the community, and by speaking to students about disabilities and at risk students will help children in my class realize that these differences do not make someone less than them. I would also teach students about socioeconomic issues and how they affect students, and will teach the differences in gender and about gender stereotypes. I will teach these stereotypes but allow both boys and girls in my classroom the same equal opportunities. I believe discussing these issues to today’s youth will help show students that all people have needs, and I would emphasize that it is important for students to accept and help each other in order to benefit themselves and the world around them. I think that by teaching lessons that incorporate diversity students can identify and overcome biases, and as a teacher I will also learn about my biases from the students in my care. As a teacher it is important to make sure the classroom atmosphere is comfortable in order to ensure productivity. Teaching students that differences are a good thing and those differences can be learned from and valued is a way to help ensure a positive classroom environment. As a teacher I will help my students understand biases, and I will help them be able to accept differences and treat people fairly by educating them about the differences of the people around them. I believe there are many ways a teacher can incorporate diversity lessons into the classroom. Overall, I believe that teaching students to respect each other despite their differences will benefit the students, the teachers, and the rest of the world. Diversity is an important topic today because everyone is different and unique; as a teacher I understand that I will never be in a school that is not a diverse teaching environment. I think that by taking this diversity class, it has helped me to realize and understand the importance diversity in the classroom and the community has to offer.

College Classes in High School Is AP or Community College Better

College Classes in High School Is AP or Community College Better SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If your high school has AP classes, you probably know a bit about which ones are offered and what they’re like. AP classes are designed to be the equivalent of introductory-level college courses. However, you may also have the opportunity to take a real college class at your local community college as a high school student.Which option should you choose? Both community college classes and APs can be valuable additions to your transcript, but you might decide that one or the other is a better fit depending on your needs. I’ll go through the advantages of each and give you the information you need todecidebetween them. What Are AP Classes? The AP (Advanced Placement) program was designed by the College Board to give high school students an introduction tocollege-level material. AP classes are widely considered to be the most advanced types of classes you can take in high school. To earn AP credit, you have to take an exam at the end of the class that tests your knowledge of the curriculum.The exam is scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score.You may be able to get college creditif you score a 3, 4, or 5 on an AP exam, although policies differ between schools.AP classes are offered in 34 different subjects (although some high schools that participate in the program only offer a few of them), and over 2.3 million students take the exams each year. What Are Community College Classes? For the purposes of this article, community college classes are classes at nearby community collegesthat are open to high school students.Many high schools have programs that allow students to enroll in community college classes and continue their high school educations at the same time.You have to actually go to the community college to take these classes, and they may be held either during the regular school day or at night. In the following sections, I'll go over the advantages of AP and community college classes for high school students. It's like choosing from a box of gourmet truffles, except they're all filled with the creamy goodness of pure knowledge (imported from Belgium). Advantages of AP Classes Over Community College Classes Let's start with some of the benefitsof taking AP classes in high school. You Can Earn College Credits Without Leaving Your School AP classes are the best way to earn college credits without disrupting your schedule. It's difficult for students who are heavily involved in after-school activities and sports to fit community college classes into their schedules.You can also potentially knock out high school and college requirements simultaneously if you earn a high score on an AP exam in a core subject.Not every college will give you credit for your work in AP classes, but most will at least allow you to place out of introductory courses that could end up being redundant. You’ll Be in a Class With Other High-Achieving Students Who Care About the Subject Another positive aspect of AP classes is that usually most of the students want to be there.Being in a class with other people who are genuinely interested in learning can make a big difference in the experience (not that everyone who takes AP classes is a perfect student, but it’s more likely that they’ll be at least somewhat nerdy). Some students in community college classes could be taking the class as a major requirement.This might mean that they’re not as engaged, makingthe learning environment less intellectually stimulating. The Material Is More Predictable Since the AP program is standardized, you’ll be able to study for each exam and be confident that you've learned all the necessary information.There are tons of review books and practice tests to help you master the material and skills that are tested on AP exams.You’ll also know the format of the test beforehand, so you can get comfortable with it and avoid too much stress on exam day.In a community college class, the tests might be structured in a variety of different ways, and the outlines of what you need to study may be less cleardepending on the professor. They're Usually Cheaper Than Community College Classes Although it costs $92 to take each AP test, that's all you need to pay for the entire class. Even though community college classes are inexpensive compared to four-year college classes, they'll probably cost you more than an AP test, especially if you don't live in the same district as the community college. Some high schools help students pay for community college classes, but others will leave it up to you to take care of the costs.If money is a concern, AP classes may be a better choice for you. I mean, not really, but you get the idea. Advantages of Community College Classes Over AP Classes Now that you know the potential benefits of taking AP classes, lets take a look at what community college classes offer that might make them a more attractive option depending on your situation. You’ll Get to See What It’s Like to Be in a Real College Class Although AP classes are intended to be roughly equivalent to introductory college courses, they can only do so much to replicate the experience a college class.Taking community college classes will give you the opportunity to see first-hand how college courses and exams are structured.You’ll also see what the dynamic is like in the classroom and be able to hear the viewpoints of older students who might help you see the subject from different perspectives.In AP classes, the group of students tends to be more homogeneous, so points of view may be less diverse. You May Be Able to Get College Credit More Easily (and Be BetterPrepared to Place Out of Introductory Classes) Credits from community college classes usually transfer easily to your state school and other public schools. You may also be able to place out of introductory courses in college.This happens with AP credit as well, but since AP classes don’t quite replicate the college experience, sometimes students are unprepared for actual advanced college classes.It’s more likely that you’ll feel comfortable in a higher level class if you’ve taken a real college class already and mastered the introductory material in that context. You’ll Have More Course Options AP classes are relatively limited in their subject matter. The AP program covers all the core subjects, but you might find a community college class that aligns better with your interests than any APs that your school offers. Community college classes are a good way to expand your horizons before college and learn how to choose classes from a wide variety of subjects. A Bad Teacher Can't Sabotage Your Credit AP exams and curriculum are standardized, but methods of teaching for AP classes are not. Some teachers are lesseffective than others.This can be an issue because it affects students’ ability to do well on AP exams, and a low score on the exam diminishes the validity of the AP class on your course record.You may not be able to get any college credit for your efforts in the class if the colleges where you applyonly accept 4s or 5s for credit or if you don't end up passing the test. In community college classes, even if you earn mediocre grades in a poorly taught class, it's likely that you'll still be able to get some college credit. Come on guys. I know this is supposed to be AP Calculus, but help me out here. Do Colleges Prefer One Over the Other? Which Should You Take? Which type of college class for high schoolers will look better on your college applications, AP or community college? It depends on the types of colleges that interest you.AP exams are scored using a standardized system that almost every school recognizes and understands.In most cases, you can also use AP test scores to earn college credit or place out of introductory classes.High grades and scores in an AP class indicate to colleges that you are a driven student who is capable of working at a high level.A rigorous high school course load is very important to selective colleges, and AP courses may be considered stronger indicators of your academic abilities than community college classes. With community college classes, the difficulty of the class and your mastery of the material are harder for colleges to judge.Since you won’t take standardized tests, colleges must rely on their knowledge of the community college’s reputation and your grades in the class to make judgments.This could be fine if you’re applying to an in-state school or even an out-of-state public school, but more selective private colleges are less likely to accept credits from classes at community colleges that are unfamiliar to them.They may not consider the coursework to be equal to that of an AP course. If you’re applying to highly competitive private colleges, I would advise choosing AP courses over community college courses.Admissions offices at these colleges will recognize APs as markers of academic drive and the ability to handle a difficult course load.They might recognize community college classes as well, but because of the standardization and widespread respect for the AP program, AP classes will be seen as more concrete indicators of your abilities. While it's impressive that you wrote this paper with a comically large pen and still got an A+, we don't accept credits from Reelskool Community College. On the other hand, if you know that you’re going to your state school or another public school, community college classes may be a better option because the credits will transfer more easily. For this reason, they could also be a smart choice in the long run if you want to cut down on total tuition costs (even if they cost more in the short-term whencompared to AP classes). Your decisiondepends on what interests you as well. If your high school doesn’t offer a class that you want to take but your local community college does, you should take the community college class over a random AP. Read up on the courses offered by both your high school and your local community college, and see which classes interest you more. You can even try taking one of each type initially so you can make a more informed decision about what works best. What's Next? If you're still trying to figure out your schedule, check out our expert guide onwhich classes you should take in high school. As a high-achieving student, you may be interested in joining high school honors societies. Read this article to learn more about honors societies and classes and what they entail. If you're interested in selective colleges, it's important to challenge yourself in your courses. Check out this article for an overview of what a rigorous course loadlooks like in high school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry Assignment

Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry - Assignment Example According to the research findings, a number of different types of food must be consumed in order to provide the body with the energy that it needs for even the simplest of processes. Proteins must be consumed in order for the body to grow, and they are essential for the repair of the muscles, should they become damaged. Healthy fats are important to consume, as these contain vitamins, and the fat is necessary for us to survive. Minerals are important to the body's simple functions; vitamins give the body what is necessary to remain healthy, and they are soluble in fats and water, depending on what types of vitamins are consumed. Roughage is the foods that we need to eat in order to provide us with our source of fiber, and it is this fiber that enables food to be processed through our digestive tract. Finally, the last two very important elements of nutrition are carbohydrates and water. Carbohydrates are the body's most important source of energy, and water is important for all func tions of the body. Because the body is made up of approximately sixty to seventy percent of water, it is to the body's detriment if it is denied even the slightest form of water necessary for it to function. IF any of these are unbalanced in the least bit, this will cause the body to not function as it should. For one, if the body is lacking in carbohydrates, then the person will become tired and have a hard time getting tasks completed. If the body lacks water, then dehydration sets in, which can cause a myriad of problems, such as dizziness, the skin drying out, a speeding heart rate, and even death if not dealt with. Without fiber, the digestive tract cannot move; if the body is lacking in fat, then certain body processes cannot take place, such as the ability of foods to be metabolized. And finally, if vitamins, proteins, and minerals are lacking, then malnourishment can set in, and the body will not be able to heal properly, such as the muscles and tissues will not be able to r epair themselves if damaged. When nutritional balance and the appropriate level of energy are maintained, the body and its processes will run smoothly. Not to mention, health and stability will be maintained. When comparing the energy of the human body to which is measured by a bomb calorimeter, there are some differences as to how the energy is obtained. For one, the energy of a bomb calorimeter is obtained through electrical energy igniting the fuel so that the calories contained in the fuel can be measured. Secondly, pure oxygen is suppressed inside, and the combustion of these gasses, i.e. the energy that is being discharged from this technology. Gasses that have been discharged, and the water that is around the tubing is heated up, and this is contributing to the combustion. The heat and the combustion are what is the energy that is considered to be measured, which is under constant pressure. Available energy from the human body is different than that of a bomb calorimeter. Ava ilable energy is measured in a number of ways. It is measured by heart rate through various instruments, such as heart rate monitors, and it is not measured by combustion like that of the bomb calorimeter.

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Journal - Essay Example that this society is inapplicable, though he won’t admit it, focusing on the clownishness of the Station’s inhabitants instead of the clownishness of the larger underlying situation. In terms of connections with larger themes, Marlow sees the â€Å"pilgrims† as shallow masks mouthing the words of the old society, with nothing underneath: â€Å"it seemed to me that if I tried I could poke my forefinger through him,† the narrator states, â€Å"and would find nothing inside but a little loose dirt, maybe† (Conrad 57). Although he is angry enough about the sham of the imperialist faà §ade, Marlow does not explore the possibilities that this brings up; while seeing the failure of the Station society to come to terms with its surroundings, he nonetheless allies himself with them, as when he moves away from the beaten native servant in disgust to speak with the brick-maker. In a more empathetic narrative, Marlow might come around to seeing things from the servant’s point of view. It might be argued that he does this at times, as when he sees and imagines the servants and some of the â€Å"reclaimed† at the first outpost. What Marlow is really doing here, though, is projecting his own fears and thoughts onto them, rather than being truly empathetic. Another passage of interest in the book is Marlow’s last contact with society, in the form of his conversation with the doctor. This passage shows how another key element in Heart of Darkness is the alternating presence and absence of the representatives of an imperialist society concerned with the narrator’s psychological state. Marlow, as he travels from Europe into the Congo, sees less and less of the individuals within his supporting society, and begins to see himself as the lone true his guarded terror of his surroundings begins to overwhelm him. Later, when he sees one of the â€Å"reclaimed† natives raise a rifle, he thinks that it is because of â€Å"white men being so much alike at a distance that he could

Foundations of cognitive grammar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Foundations of cognitive grammar - Essay Example Therefore, there is a need to fill in the gap and discuss adjectives in terms of cognitive grammar. Moreover, there is an essential gap in discussion about boundedness in adjectives. This research paper is focused on consideration of two characteristics of adjectives: boundedness and gradability. A contextual modulation is suggested as the means to consider a problem of adjectives in cognitive grammar in a broader context. It is also suggested to focus on functionality of adjectives. A study of boundedness and gradability is conducted on the basis of constructing schematic domains comprising gradability as the main characteristic of adjectives (Paris, 1997). Schematic domains as a background of further study are justified, because content of adjectives is often neglected. A focus on schematic domains is justified in terms of cognitive linguistics, because content of adjectives or other parts of speech ‘set up’ in minds of humans. Nevertheless, it is possible to suppose t hat a stability of boundedness applied for adjectives may be manipulated under certain conditions; this is the prospect of the future study. The issue of boundedness in adjectives is discussed further on in a broader context. The range or point on a scale taken by bounded and unbounded adjectives. On the basis of theoretical framework basing on the works of contemporary linguists ranging from 80s till nowadays, the issue of boundedness is considered. In spite of the fact that boundedness has been considered as a rigid characteristic of nouns/verbs/ adjectives our study is focused on a possibility to consider boundedness as a more flexible feature. Unbounded adjectives reflect a range on a scale and bounded adjectives reflect point-like conceptualization on a scale. Moreover, cognitive frames are essential for human understanding and interpretation of different situations. In order to fill in the gap in the studies focused on human cognition and language it is relevant to discuss sch ematic domains. Furthermore, cognate base of boundedness is considered from a perspective of cognitive grammar. A different connection between superlatives and comparatives is discussed on the foreground of the schematic mode. Gradability is a factor influencing on the cognate base in the schematic domain. Thus, it is relevant to consider the way human cognition perceives and produces schematic domain modes. Boundedness illustrates the process of schematic domains reflection in human cognition. Therefore, this study brings in an innovative vision on boundedness in adjectives relevant to theory of lexical semantics and cognitive grammar. Table of contents 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 2.0 Background †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 3.0 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......7 4.0 Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 4.0 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 5.0 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..20 1.0 Introduction Cognitive grammar is currently becoming popular among researchers and learners of any language. This discipline

Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology

Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology Long-Term Evolution [LTE] Abstract The 3GPP long-term evolution [LTE] is the step towards the radio air-interface evolution for 3G technology to deliver â€Å"Mobile Broadband†. It is being defined and standardized by the 3GPP to functionally evolve the radio access technology and enhance the performance of 3G technologies to meet user-expectations over long-term i.e, 10 years and beyond. LTE targets to achieve this by improving the 3G coverage, system capacity, data rates and spectrum efficiency. It also aims at reducing the latency and enhance other radio performance parameters while reducing user and operator costs. The above LTE requirements would be fulfilled by the use of new multiple access schemes on the air interface: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) in downlink and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) in uplink. Furthermore, Multiple-Input and Multiple Output(MIMO) antenna schemes are used to achieve higher bit-rates. The first section of the article present s the evolution of the 3GPP-LTE, while the second section lists the physical performance targets as defined by the standards. The section that follows presents the technical building blocks and the architecture of the LTE system. The article concludes by discussing the economic target defined by the standards and the current status of the LTE system. Introduction: The large-scale deployment of the Wide-band Code Division Multiplexing (W-CDMA) or the 3G technology across the globe prompted the 3GPP to take steps towards the evolution of the 3G air interface. The High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) was introduced in 3GPP Release 5[1] to increase the performance of the downlink while High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) was introduced in 3GPP Release 6[2] to enhance the uplink data rates. HSPA+(High-Speed Packet Access Plus) is being introduced in release 7[3] to enhance performance of HSPA based radio networks in terms of spectrum efficiency, peak data rate and latency, and exploit the full potential of WCDMA. The characteristics of HSPA+ such as the use of the downlink MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), higher order modulation for uplink and downlink, improvements of layer 2 protocols, continuous packet connectivity and enhanced uplink meet immediate and mid-term needs of the end-users. However the operator and end-users expectatio ns are growing rapidly and alternative competitive access technologies are emerging continuously. To ensure long-term competitiveness of 3G technology, the 3GPP included the â€Å"Evolved UTRA and UTRAN â€Å"work item in 2004[3][4]. The aim of the work item is to investigate the means of achieving enhanced service provisioning by improving data rates, capacity, spectrum-efficiency, and latency thereby providing optimum support for packet-switched services[5][6]. Physical air-interface Performance Requirements of the 3GPP Long –term Evolution [LTE]: The requirements for the design of the 3GPP LTE system is prescribed in the 3GPP specification 3GPP TR 25.913[3] and is summarized as follows: Providing significantly higher data rates compared to the existing technology such as the HSDPA and enhanced uplink, with target peak data rates up to 100 Mb/s for the downlink and up to 50 Mb/s for the uplink. The capability to provide three to four times higher average throughput and two to three times higher cell-edge throughput when compared to systems based on HSDPA and enhanced uplink as standardized in 3GPP Release 6. Increased spectral efficiency upto four-folds compared to 3G technology. Improved architecture and signalling to significantly reduce control and user plane latency, with a target of less than 10 ms user plane RAN round-trip time (RTT) and less than 100 ms channel setup delay. Support scalable bandwidths of 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz and including bandwidths smaller than 5 MHz for more flexibility. In order to protect the investments already made by the operators, updates and modifications to the existing radio network architecture is being proposed. This involves a smooth migration into other frequency bands, including those currently used for second-generation (2G) cellular technologies such as GSM and IS-95. Support for operation in paired (Frequency Division Duplex / FDD mode) and unpaired spectrum (Time Division Duplex / TDD mode) is possible. Support for end-to-end Quality of Service Support for inter-working between the existing UTRAN/GERAN and other non-3GPP systems. The handover delay between them to be less than 300 milliseconds for real-time services and less than 500 milliseconds for non-real-time services. An enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service(E-MBMS) shall be supported. Reduced capital and operational expense shall be ensured. Optimized support for low mobile speeds (0-10 mph) as well as support for high mobile speeds (10 -30 mph). LTE System Building blocks: The following technological building blocks enable to meet the LTE system requirements as prescribed by the 3GPP: Radio Interface Technology: In order to meet the requirements of higher data rates, a new radio transmission technology called the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been selected for the downlink and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for the uplink. In an OFDM system, the available spectrum is divided into multiple carriers, called sub-carriers, which are orthogonal to each other. Each of these sub-carriers is independently modulated by a low rate data stream. Different bandwidths are realized by varying the number of subcarriers used for transmission, while the subcarrier spacing remains unchanged. In this way operation in spectrum allocations of 1.25, 2.5, 5,10, 15, and 20 MHz is supported. OFDM enables transmission adaptation in frequency domain in E-UTRA. OFDM has several benefits including its robustness against multipath fading and its efficient receiver architecture. It is used in WLAN, WiMAX and broadcast technologies. In order to achieve higher throughputs and increased spectral efficiency so as to meet the coverage, capacity and data rate requirements, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna solutions are used by the LTE systems. MIMO refers to the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver side. MIMO beamforming could be used to increase coverage and/or capacity, and spatial multiplexing, sometimes referred to as MIMO, can be used to increase data rates by transmitting multiple parallel streams to a single user[7]. In order to meet the improved latency requirement, it was required to reduce the number of network nodes involved in data processing and transport. A flatter architecture[8] as prescribed by the standards would lead to improved latency and transmission delay. Figure below depicts a simplified LTE system architecture and it consist of two types of network nodes one at user plane and the other at the control plane. Evolved NodeB(eNodeB): It is the enhanced BTS that provides the LTE air interface and performs radio resource management for the enhanced LTE radio interface Access Gateway(AGW): It provides the termination of LTE bearer and acts as the mobility anchor point and packet date network gateway for user plane. SAE is a study within 3GPP targeting at the evolution of the overall system architecture. The focus of this work is on the packet-switched domain with the assumption that voice services are supported in this domain. This study envisions of an all-IP network [8] and the support of heterogeneous access networks in terms of mobility and service continuity[9]. LTE Economic Targets Benefits to Operators and End-users: Performance and capacity of LTE systems as discussed in the earlier sections shall facilitate the provisioning of high-quality multimedia-rich applications. While the users are catered with innovative services, the operators generate revenue from alternate avenues other than from voice. Avoidance of complicated architectures and unnecessary interfaces, reuse of existing system and spectrum, efficient operations and management along with the optimized performance by the radio technologies yield an overall reduction cost per bit. This benefit the end-users to access services at a low cost and operators benefit from low OPEX and CAPEX. Current Status and Future of LTE: For LTE that offers high-performance radio interface, it requires a high-performance core network inorder to experience commercial success. Impact on the overall network architecture including the core network is being investigated in the context of 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE). It aims at optimizing the core network for packet-switched services and including the IP multimedia subsystem that supports all access technologies. The combined evolution of LTE and SAE forms the basis for the 3GPP release-8. As of today[3GPP website], 3GPP has approved to freeze the functional requirements of LTE as well as SAE as part of release-8.[10] There is proof of substantial industrial commitment towards LTE deployment in form of contributions and intellectual inputs to the 3GPP LTE specification groups. Also, many recent press announcements from vendors and operators indicate the same[11]. References [1] 3GPP TS25.855, â€Å"High Speed Downlink Packet Access;Overall UTRAN Description†, version 5.0.0. [2] 3GPP TS25.999,†High Speed Packet Access Evolution, Frequency Division Duplex†, version 6.1.0 [3] 3GPP TS 25.913; Requirements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN(Release 7) [4] 3GPP, RP-040461, †Proposed Study Item on Evolved UTRA and UTRANâ€Å", www.3gpp.org. [5] H. Ekstrà ¶m et al., â€Å"Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-term Evolution†, IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2006. [6] E. Dahlman et al. â€Å"The 3G Long-Term Evolution – Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation†, Proceedings of the VTC 2006 Spring. [7] http://www.3g4g.co.uk/Lte/Tutorials/RandS_WP_LTE.pdf [8] 3GPP TS 22.978; All-IP Network (AIPN) feasibility study (Release 7) [9] 3GPP TS 23.882;† 3GPP system architecture evolution (SAE): Report on technical options  and conclusions†, Release 7.1.9 [10] 3GPP TS 36.201;† Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer; General description†, Release 8.0.1 [11] http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/document/Barcelona_2008.pdf [12] http://www.ericsson.com/technology/whitepapers/lte_overview.pdf

Enlightenment and Emancipation :: essays research papers

Enlightenment and Emancipation Richard Wagner’s essays, â€Å"Judaism in Music† and â€Å"What is German† does not just cast aside the ideology of Jewish emancipation as stated by Christian Wilhelm von Dohm in â€Å"On the Civic Improvement of the Jews†. Instead, Richard Wagner’s essays outline the struggles with the legacy of the Enlightenment and lead him to promote theories of culture and regeneration that would rewrite those of prior Enlightenment visionaries, making those people of Jewish descent seen as humans before Jews. One of the more noticeable themes surrounding Jewish culture is perhaps their dealings with money. As a result of being forced out of the trades and regular channels of commerce during the 12th and 13th centuries, money lending became the main livelihood of the Jews in Germany in the 18th century. Dohm argued that "the true reasons for [the Jews'] shortcomings" could be traced to the "oppression from which [they] still suffer" and the restrictions and limitations placed upon them throughout their history. He proposed that better treatment would reform them and their customs and lead ultimately to their assimilation into the outside world. As stated in Dohm’s â€Å"On the Civic Improvement of the Jews,† Dohm expresses how even those Jews with sufficient amounts of money were not allowed to use any of it for self benefit. If a Jew was given permission to reside in a German state, his place of residence would be subject to a heavy tax to be repaid each year. Each child birthed to the Jew would increase the amount of his taxes. Many of the Jewish business dealings were marked with these unfair burdens. In â€Å"Judaism in Music,† Wagner explains that it makes no sense to talk about Jewish emancipation, while the Jews already rule them because money is a central power. Jews, in his mentality, are the very symbol of capitalism. â€Å"†¦[T]he Jew in truth is already more than emancipate: he rules, and will rule, so long as Money remains the power before which all our doings and our dealings lose their force.† I agree with Dohm in this aspect of his arguments. Enlightenment and Emancipation :: essays research papers Enlightenment and Emancipation Richard Wagner’s essays, â€Å"Judaism in Music† and â€Å"What is German† does not just cast aside the ideology of Jewish emancipation as stated by Christian Wilhelm von Dohm in â€Å"On the Civic Improvement of the Jews†. Instead, Richard Wagner’s essays outline the struggles with the legacy of the Enlightenment and lead him to promote theories of culture and regeneration that would rewrite those of prior Enlightenment visionaries, making those people of Jewish descent seen as humans before Jews. One of the more noticeable themes surrounding Jewish culture is perhaps their dealings with money. As a result of being forced out of the trades and regular channels of commerce during the 12th and 13th centuries, money lending became the main livelihood of the Jews in Germany in the 18th century. Dohm argued that "the true reasons for [the Jews'] shortcomings" could be traced to the "oppression from which [they] still suffer" and the restrictions and limitations placed upon them throughout their history. He proposed that better treatment would reform them and their customs and lead ultimately to their assimilation into the outside world. As stated in Dohm’s â€Å"On the Civic Improvement of the Jews,† Dohm expresses how even those Jews with sufficient amounts of money were not allowed to use any of it for self benefit. If a Jew was given permission to reside in a German state, his place of residence would be subject to a heavy tax to be repaid each year. Each child birthed to the Jew would increase the amount of his taxes. Many of the Jewish business dealings were marked with these unfair burdens. In â€Å"Judaism in Music,† Wagner explains that it makes no sense to talk about Jewish emancipation, while the Jews already rule them because money is a central power. Jews, in his mentality, are the very symbol of capitalism. â€Å"†¦[T]he Jew in truth is already more than emancipate: he rules, and will rule, so long as Money remains the power before which all our doings and our dealings lose their force.† I agree with Dohm in this aspect of his arguments.